A spatio-temporal analysis of academic performance at the Basic Education Certificate Examination in Ghana     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

Over the last decade, Ghana has more than tripled investment in its basic education system. Consequently, the country has made huge educational gains, primarily in providing universal access to basic education. However, many stakeholders are worried that academic performance is lagging because of disproportional attention to accessing basic education. Discussion of these concerns is hampered by ongoing disagreement about the true trajectory of academic performance at the basic education level and the widespread nature of students' lagging academic performance. In part, this disagreement stems from the failure of empirical studies to comprehensively examine trends in academic performance standards at the basic education level by concurrently considering a geographical and longitudinal perspective. Thus, this study examines the spatio-temporal trends of academic performance at the junior high school level since 2009 by using multilevel growth curve modeling, spatial statistics, and district-level longitudinal data. Results reveal 3 statistically distinct trajectories of academic performance: erratic, accelerating, and decelerating changes. Results also show that rural–urban gaps explain 31% of the performance trajectories, a trend which is expected to persist in the long term. In addition, we find extreme variations in academic performance within rural areas. Given the varying trajectories and geographical variability in academic performance, we suggest a localized approach to addressing challenges of low academic achievement at the basic education level in Ghana.  相似文献   

新型磁选装置的研制及其应用于分离超贫磁铁矿中的磁性铁   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

黄瑞成  肖洁  魏灵巧  罗磊  付胜波 《岩矿测试》2015,34(2):213-217

磁性铁是超贫磁铁矿勘查中的基本分析项目之一,为准确测定磁性铁的含量,首先需要实现磁性铁的定量分离。目前常用的手工内磁选法由于所用磁铁的有效磁场强度难以保证,而且受人为操作的影响较大,导致分析结果的重现性差。本文应用50 m L滴定管、电磁铁和三相异步电动机,研制了一种新型磁选装置——电磁式磁性铁分选装置,实现了超贫磁铁矿中磁性铁与非磁性铁的定量分离,结合重铬酸钾容量法建立了超贫磁铁矿中磁性铁的分析方法。在选定的磁选条件下(电流2.5 A,磁选管运动频率40 r/min,磁选时间5 min)分析铁矿石标准物质,磁性铁的测定值与标准值的相对误差小于1.0%;分析采自实际矿区的超贫磁铁矿样品,磁性铁的测定结果与手工内磁选法一致,且相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)小于1.0%,优于手工内磁选法的精密度。本方法采用的电磁式磁性铁分选装置有效地控制了磁场强度的强弱,避免永磁铁出现磁损失,同时可以量化磁性铁分离的参数,提高了磁性铁的分析精度。  相似文献   

含粗粒金矿样品采集加工与分析研究进展     

熊英  陈文科  田萍  吴邦朝 《岩矿测试》2015,34(1):12-18

含粗粒金矿,由于粗粒金的存在使其样品的采集、加工和分析极具挑战性,如何获得具有代表性和均匀性的化学分析样品,并提供准确的分析结果,长期以来一直是该类金矿资源勘查评价急待解决的技术难题。本文对近年来国内外含粗粒金矿样品的采集、加工和分析方法等3方面开展的研究工作及主要成果进行归纳分析,认为:1含粗粒金矿样品的采集是确保样品代表性的首要环节,含粗粒金矿样品分析结果的潜在误差有80%来源于样品采集,因此研究经济、有效的样品采集方法至关重要。2含粗粒金矿样品的加工主要从提高自然金的粉碎度,改进加工流程,选择样品加工设备等方面进行,但查明金的粒度分布及伴生矿物是拟定样品加工流程的关键。3含粗粒金矿样品的分析方法有常规的化学分析方法、批量浸金法和人工重砂加权平均法,相对于复杂的加工流程研究,后者有望成为此类样品经济有效的分析方法。本文指出,含粗粒金矿资源评价质量的误差来源于地质、采样、加工、分析等诸多方面,总体而言应最小化所有阶段误差,应特别重视样品采集方法的研究,确保采集样品的代表性是提高该类金矿资源评价质量的前提。  相似文献   

Primary vs. secondary curved fold axes: Deciphering the origin of the Aït Attab syncline (Moroccan High Atlas) using paleomagnetic data     

《Journal of Structural Geology》2015

The Aït Attab syncline, located in the Central High Atlas, displays a curved geometry in plan view, and is considered as one of the most spectacular fold shapes in the Central High Atlasic belt. We conducted a paleomagnetic study in Jurassic-Cretaceous red beds to investigate the origin of this geometry. The Natural Remanent Magnetization (NRM) is dominated by a secondary magnetization carried by haematite with unvarying normal polarity that has been dated at about 100 Ma. The regional fold test performed in both limbs of the syncline is positive and the paleomagnetic vectors (after tectonic correction) are parallel throughout the curvature, indicating a negative oroclinal bending test. These results are inconsistent with previous works that consider the bent geometry of this syncline to result from subsequent distortion of originally NE–SW trending structures by rotation about a vertical axis. We interpret the NRM data to demonstrate that the changing trend of the Aït Attab syncline is a primary feature, resulting from the influence of pre-existing, NE–SW and E-W-striking extensional faults that developed during a strike-slip regime. Paleomagnetic results also reveal that the tilting observed in the sampled red beds is post Albian, probably linked to the Cenozoic inversion of the High Atlasic belt.  相似文献   

热气候指数评价中国南方城市夏季舒适度   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

唐进时  申双和  华荣强  李萌 《气象科学》2015,35(6):769-774

利用南方14个城市1981-2013年6-9月的逐日气象资料,根据生物环境特点,制定了基于通用热气候指数的新评价方法,对中国南方城市夏季舒适度进行评价研究。结果表明:中国南方城市的高温不舒适天数近33 a来以3.4 d/10a的速度增加,并有5 a震荡周期。舒适度排名显示,体感温度最高的4个城市分别为重庆、福州、南昌和长沙,杭州与重庆的体感舒适度下降速率较快。对比高温不舒适天数和高温日数发现,两者具有很好的一致性,证明了高温不舒适度与气温关系的密切性。同时,由于热气候指标计算要素的多重考虑,结果与高温日数存在一些差异,但其更具有一定参考和应用价值。  相似文献   

气溶胶对雷暴云起电以及闪电发生率影响的数值模拟   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

师正  谭涌波  唐慧强  杨忆  彭琳  郭秀峰  陈浩然 《大气科学》2015,39(5):941-952

本文利用二维耦合气溶胶模块的雷暴云起电模式,结合一次南京雷暴个例,进行250 m分辨率雷暴云起电模拟实验,探讨了气溶胶浓度对雷暴云空间电荷分布以及闪电发生率的影响。在这个气溶胶模块中,假定一个三模态的气溶胶对数分布,考虑了气溶胶活化过程。结果显示:(1)随着气溶胶浓度增大,雷暴云电荷结构保持为三极型。(2)当气溶胶浓度从50 cm-3增加至1000 cm-3时,水成物粒子浓度上升,雷暴云电荷量和闪电发生率增加明显。(3)气溶胶浓度在1000~3000 cm-3范围时,云水竞争限制了冰晶的增长,导致雷暴云上部主正电荷堆电荷量降低。云滴和霰粒子浓度缓慢上升促进中部主负电荷堆和底部次正电荷堆电荷量继续增大。闪电发生率保持稳定。(4)当气溶胶浓度大于3000 cm-3时,水成物粒子浓度稳定,云内的电荷量以及闪电发生率保持为一定量级。  相似文献   

北京一次积层混合云系结构和水分收支的数值模拟分析   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

陶玥  李军霞  党娟  李宏宇  孙晶 《大气科学》2015,39(3):445-460

本文利用中国气象科学研究院(CAMS)中尺度云分辨模式对2007年10月的一次积层混合云降水过程进行了数值模拟。利用模拟结果结合实测资料, 研究了积层混合云系的宏微观结构和降水特征, 并分析了云系的水分收支及降水效率。结果表明:积层混合云是导致此次北京降水的主要云型;积层混合云降水分布不均匀, 云系中微物理量的水平和垂直分布都不均匀, 具有混合相云的云物理结构。冷云降水过程占主导地位, 雪的融化对雨水的形成贡献最大。北京区域降水过程的主要水汽源地为黄海海面及蒙古国, 两支气流在陕西北部汇合后的西南气流将水汽输送到华北地区, 北京区域以外, 水汽和水凝物主要从西边界和南边界输送到域内。北京区域降水主要时段内, 水物质通量在水平方向上为净流入。对北京区域水汽、水凝物和总水物质的水分收支各项的估算表明, 水物质基本达到平衡。北京区域从2007年10月5日20时至6日14时, 总水成物降水效率、凝结率、凝华率及总水凝物降水效率分别为5.6%、4.77%、4.19%、44.9%。  相似文献   

基于贝叶斯融合方法的高分辨率地面-卫星-雷达三源降水融合试验   总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14  

潘旸  沈艳  宇婧婧  熊安元 《气象学报》2015,73(1):177-186

为了探讨一种适用于区域性的地面、雷达、卫星等多源降水资料融合的方法,一种曾用于高分辨雷达、卫星土壤湿度产品反演的贝叶斯融合(Bayesian Merging)方法被尝试应用于江淮地区1 h-0.05°×0.05°经纬度高分辨率的雷达估测降水、卫星反演降水与地面站点观测降水3种资料的融合。在应用该方法时,通过2009年8月样本统计分别估计卫星和雷达反演降水的误差关系,通过曲线拟合建立误差方程,并以卫星资料作为背景场,但在融合时将雷达估测降水作为新的观测信息与地面观测降水同时引入。融合试验检验结果表明:贝叶斯融合方法能够有效实现雷达、地面、卫星3种不同来源资料的融合,该方法生成的多源融合产品的精度均优于任何单一来源的降水产品。  相似文献   

Impact of the Vertical Velocity Field on Charging Processes and Charge Separation in a Simulated Thunderstorm          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Fei  ZHANG Yijun  ZHENG Dong  XU Liangtao 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2015,29(2):328-343

A three-dimensional(3D) charging-discharging cloud resolution model was used to investigate the impact of the vertical velocity field on the charging processes and the formation of charge structure in a strong thunderstorm. The distribution and evolution of ice particle content and charges on ice particles were analyzed in different vertical velocity fields. The results show that the ice particles in the vertical velocity range from 1 to 5 m s-1obtained the most charge through charging processes during the lifetime of the thunderstorm. The magnitude of the charges could reach 1014 n C. Before the beginning of lightning activity,the charges produced in updraft region 2(updraft speed 13 m s-1) and updraft region 1(updraft speed between 5 and 13 m s-1) were relatively significant. The magnitudes of charge reached 1013 n C, which clearly impacted upon the early lightning activity. The vertical velocity conditions in the quasi-steady region(updraft speed between –1 and 1 m s-1) were the most conducive for charge separation on ice particles on different scales. Accordingly, a net charge structure always appeared in the quasi-steady and adjacent regions. Based on the results, a conceptual model of ice particle charging, charge separation, and charge structure formation in the flow field was constructed. The model helps to explain observations of the"lightning hole" phenomenon.  相似文献   

SRES A2 情景下中国区域性高温热浪事件变化特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

杨红龙  潘婕  张镭 《气象与环境学报》2015,31(1):51-59

随全球变暖,应对高温热浪事件是未来现代化城市面临的难题之一。本文利用全球模式-HadAM3p提供的3组不同边界场和初始场驱动区域气候模式系统PRECIS的输出结果,模拟未来情景下中国区域性高温热浪事件发生频率、强度及持续时间的变化趋势。结果表明：全球PRECIS对基准时段（1961-1990年）的高温热浪事件的发生的频率、强度和持续时间及对应的大气环流特征具有较强的模拟能力。相对于基准时段,未来情景下未来时段（2071-2100年）中国各地区的高温热浪的强度增加,发生频率增幅超过了100 %,且持续时间增加30 %以上。此外,观测资料和模拟结果均表明武汉和哈尔滨地区的高温热浪与500 hPa高度场的正距平密切相关。而未来情景下,武汉和哈尔滨地区500 hPa高度场的正距平呈增加趋势,表明这些地区未来可能面临危害更严重的高温热浪事件。  相似文献